CBSE Sample Paper-02
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT –I
Class – X Social Science
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 90
1. Who was V S Naipaul?
Or
Which two Indian ports had links with South East Asian countries during pre-colonial
period?
Or
What is Metropolis?
2. What was agenda 21?
3. Name the oldest water-harvesting system channeling the flood water of river Ganga.
4. Which factors are playing an important role in development of plantation?
5. The Governments of which states raised the Krishna Godavari dispute?
6. What is Infant mortality rate?
7. Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate?
8. What is the new name of NREGA?
9. When and why did world Bank and IMF start financial interventions in the developing
countries?
Or
What were trade guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business
in towns of England?
Or
Explain the problems faced by people who migrated to Bombay during nineteenth
century.
10.Explain how Bretton Wood’s institution inaugurated an era unprecedented growth for
western industrial nations and Japan.
Or
How did the proto-industrialization successful in the countryside in England in the 17th
century?
Or
How did the rise of industrial capitalism help in shaping the modern cities in decisive way?
11.Explain the features of Indian Manuscripts before the age of age of print.
Or
What were the reasons for the popularity of novels in India and the outside world?
12.Explain the drawbacks of Indian manuscripts?
Or
Highlight the miseries of industrial age of nineteenth century Europe.
13.Explain any three human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in
India.
14.Highlight the facts given by The Citizens’ Fifth Report, CSE, 1999.
15.How is the Federal government better than a Unitary Government? Explain with the
example of Belgium and Sri Lanka.
16.Discuss why the special status has been given to a few states in India? Explain with the
example of Jammu and Kashmir.
17.Briefly explain the ways in which power sharing between different organs of the
government results in the maintenance of balance of power.
18.How are countries classified by World Development Report?
19.Why is working in an unorganized sector not considered secure?
20.Explain the role of implementing the NERGA 2005.
21. Is the association of political parties with social groups always bad? Give three arguments
in support of your answer.
22.What was Rinderpest? State any four effects of the coming of Rinderpest in Africa.
Or
Describe any five major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their
industries in towns before the industrial revolution.
Or
What form of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure
activities for the people?
23.Explain the different stages of development of printing technology in China.
Or
How were the effects of ‘Industrial Revolution’ reflected in the novels?
24.What were the views of foresters and environmentalists regarding the degrading factors
behind the depletion of forest resources?
25.Explain the favorable temperature, rainfall and soil conditions required for the growth of
tea. Name the leading tea producing states.
26.Overlapping social differences and cross cutting of differences create social divisions?
Explain.
27.Assess the influences of politics on caste system.
28.Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.” Support this statement
with suitable arguments.
29. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one
30.A. Features A is marked in the given political map of India. Identify this feature with the help of the
following information and write their correct name on the line marked on the map.
1. Type of forest
B. on the same map of India locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols:
1. A state having Protected forest
2. A state having largest area under protected forest
1. He was a writer, whose forefather migrated as indentured worker.
Or
Hoogly and Masulipattam Ports.
Or
A large densely populated city of a country or a state often the capital of the region.
2. It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the united Nation’s conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED).
3. Sringaverapura near Allahabad.
4. A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation
areas, processing industries and markets play an important role in the development of
plantations.
5. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
6. It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of
1000 live children born in that particular year.
7. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provisions of basic health
and educational facilities.
8. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
9. (a) The International Monetary fund and the World Bank were created to meet the
financial needs of the industrial countries.
(b) When Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economy, these become less dependent
on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus from the late 1950s the Breton Woods
institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards developing
countries.
(c) The newly independent countries facing problem of poverty came under the guidance
of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.
Or
(a) Guilds were associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control
over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new
people into the trade.
(b) Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific
product.
(c) It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns, so they
turned to the countryside.
Or
(a) Bombay become over crowded city because of rapid unplanned expansion.
(b) There was an acute crisis of housing.
(c) Due to overpopulation shortage of water also arose. People often quarreled every
morning for a turn at the tap.
10.(a) The IMF gave money to developed countries to help them reconstruct and reshape
their economy.
(b) They aimed at global stability of economies and better employment opportunist.
(c) To make this possible, they gave credit loans. They also maintained a balance a world
trade.
(d) Japan and other western countries were helped by these institutions in post war
reconstruction and to help them have stable economies.
Or
(a) The peasants had been shut-out of village commons due to enclosure system.
(b) Peasants now have to look for alternative source of income. When merchants offered
advance to produce goods for them, peasant households readily agreed to do work for
them.
(c) They could cultivate their small plots and supplement their shrinking income from
cultivation
Or
(a) Industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period.
(b) Most of the western countries were largely rural even for many decades after the
beginning of the industrial revolution.
(c) Due to industrialization cities become centers of political power, administrative
network, trade and industry, religious and education institutions, and supported
various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
11.(a) India had a very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic,
Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
(b) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on hand made paper.
(c) Pages were some time beautifully illustrated.
(d) They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.
Or
(a) Development of transportation, communication, colonialism and development in
printing facilities helped in spreading the popularity of novels.
(b) Novels generally use the vernacular language that is spoken and easily understood by
the common people.
(c) Novels deal with everyday life of common people- their anxieties, their fears, their
struggles and joys. That’s why they appeal to the common people.
12.(a) Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
(b) They had to be handled carefully.
(c) They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.
(d) So manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.
Or
(a) In the nineteenth century Europe entered the industrial age factories came to, business
profits increased and the economy grew.
(b) But at the same time workers faced problems. Cities expanded in an unregulated way
and were filled with overworked and underpaid workers.
(c) The unemployed poor roamed the streets for jobs, and the homeless were forced to
seek shelter in workhouse.
13.(a) Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too
have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(b) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and
traces of over-burdening.
(c) Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
(d) Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
14.(a) India’s rivers, especially the smaller ones, have all turned into toxic streams.
(b) And even the big ones like the Ganga and Yamuna are far from being pure.
(c) The assault on India’s rivers-from population growth, agricultural modernization,
urbanization and industrialization-is enormous and growing day by day.
(d) This entire life stands threatened.
15.(a) If we study the main difference between the federal and the unitary governments, in
the present times the federal governments certainly score over the unitary governments,
especially when people of different religions, castes and cultures resides in one and same
country.
(b) In chapter Power Sharing we have seen how a unitary form of government has proved
a failure in Sri Lanka while a federal type of government has proved a great success in
Belgium.
(c) In Sri Lanka Unitary government fails to solve the dispute of different sections of the
society but in Belgium the federal government gives equal respect to the demands of
different sections of the society.
16.(a) A few states in India have been given a special status in the constitution due yp diverse
population and regions within the state itself.
(b) Special status to Jammu and Kashmir is due to the history of conflict over the state
with Pakistan.
(c) The state was given to the Indian Union under very special terms, which provided the
state with a unique position in the Indian Union.
(d) This state has its own constitution.
17.(a) Power is shared among different organs of government like the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
(b) Each organ is equally important in a democracy and they exercise different powers.
(c) Separation of powers ensures that all organs exercise their power within limits.
(d) Each organ checks the others. This results in the maintenance of balance of power
among various institutions.
18.(a) World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used
in classifying countries.
(b) Countries with per capita income of Rs 453000 per annum are called rich or developed
countries.
(c) Those with per capita income of Rs 37000 or less are called low income countries.
19.(a) Working in unorganized sector is not considered secured because unorganized sectors
are not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government.
(b) These are small and scattered units.
(c) They don’t follow rules and regulations prescribed by the government.
(d) Jobs in these sectors are not regular, even salaries are very less.
20.NAREGA is National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
(a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government.
(b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment
allowance.
(c) Different type of work is given to the people in the rural areas.
21.(a) The association of political parties with social groups is not always bad.
(b) The association of political parties with weaker sections of the society is healthy for
democracy.
(c) Through political parties weaker sections get together to voice their opinion and get a
chance for their development.
(d) Some political parties grow out of social groups like, AIADMK, BSP and DMK.
22.(a) Rinderpest is a cattle plague that affected the cattle of Africa. It was carried by infected
cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian solders invading Eritrea in east Africa.
(b) In the late nineteenth century Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its vast
resources of land and minerals and hoping to establish plantations and mines.
(c) But they faced a problem of shortage of labour willing to work for wages.
(d) Africans had and livestock and were not ready and willing to work for wages.
(e) Rinderpest, the cattle plague was brought into the country by imported cattle and had
a devastating effect on the indigenous cattle wiping out 90% of Africa’s cattle.
(f) The loss of cattle forced the Africans to come into the labour market and work in
plantation and mines.
Or
(a) Due to expansion of world trade the merchants wanted to expand their production. But
trade and craft guilds were very powerful.
(b) They could create many problems for the merchants in their towns.
(c) Rulers had granted the monopoly rights to different guild to produce and trade in
specific products.
(d) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.
(e) Craft guilds were very powerful. They maintain control over production, regulated
completion and prices and restricted the entry of new people in to the trade.
Or
(a) For the wealthy Londoners, there as the annual London Season where the elite groups
could enjoy several culture events such as the opera, classical musical performances
and the theatre etc.
(b) Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in pubs
and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events.
(c) In the 19th century, the established of libraries, museums and art galleries provided
entertainment to the common people.
(d) To some other, music halls and later on cinema houses became a source of mass
entrainment.
(e) To some others, especially the industrial workers, spending holidays by the sea-shore
and enjoying both the sun and the bracing winds also proved a great source of
entrainment and leisure.
23.(a) From 594 A.D. the books were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of
woodblocks in china.
(b) The imperial court also got many textbooks printed for the civil services examination.
(c) By the 17th century urban culture developed in China. Merchants used print in their
everyday life as they collected trade information.
(d) Wives of rich men, scholars and officials also began to write their autobiographies.
(e) In the late 19th century, the mechanical printing press was established.
(f) Shanghai became a hub of the new print culture.
Or
(i) When Industrial Revolution began, factories came up, business profits increased but
workers faced problems.
(ii) Cities expanded in an unregulated way and were filled with overworked and
underpaid workers.
(iii) Deeply critical of these developments, novelists such as Charles Diskens wrote about
he terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and characters.
(iv) His novel Hard Times depicts a factious industrial town as a grim place full of
machinery, smoking chimneys and rivers polluted.
(v) Dickens criticized not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human
beings into simple instruments of production.
24.(a) Manu foresters and environmentalists hold the view that the greatest degrading
factors behind the depletion of forests resources are grazing and fuel wood collection.
(b) Though there may be some substance in their argument, yet, the fact remain that a
substantial part of the fodder demand is met by lopping rather than by felling entire
trees.
(c) The forest ecosystems are repositories of some of the country’s most valuable forest
products, minerals and other resources that meet the demands of the rapidly
expanding industrial-urban economy.
(d) These protected areas, thus mean different things to different people, and therein lays
the fertile ground for conflicts.
25.(a) Introduction: Tea is the main beverage crop. India is the leading producer and exporter
of tea in the world.
(b) Climate: Tea plants grow well in tropical and subtropical climate. Tea thrives well in a
hot and humid climate.
(c) Soil Type: The soil requirement is deep fertile well drained soil which is rich in humus
and organic matter.
(d) Temperature: Ideal temperature for the growth is 200 to 300 C.
(e) Rainfall: 150 to 300 cm annual rainfall is required. High humidity and frequent
showers evenly distributed throughout the year are good for rapid development of
tender leaves.
(f) Areas of Cultivation: Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, west Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala are the major tea producing sates of India.
26.The social diversity can take different forms in different societies.
(a) Social division takes place when some social difference overlapped with other
differences.
(b) Situation of this point produce social division, when one kind of social difference
becomes more important when the other and people start feeling that they belong to
different community.
(c) The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US
because the blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against.
(d) If social differences crosscut one anther it is difficult to pit one group of people against
the other.
(e) It means the groups who share a common interest on one issue are likely to be
indifferent sides on a different issue.
(f) Overlapping social differences create possibility of deep social division and tension
while cross cutting differences are easier to accommodate.
27.(a) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within its sub castes.
(b) Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or
communities.
(c) New kinds of caste groups have entered politics like backward and forward castes.
(d) Politics in caste has allowed many disadvantaged caste groups to demand their share
of power.
(e) Caste politics has helped the Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.
28.(a) Democracy develops a harmonious social life. Democracies accommodate various
social divisions.
(b) Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces
the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
(c) In democracies people learn to respect the differences and also evolve mechanism to
negotiate the differences.
(d) The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government functions to
represent the general view.
(e) Democracy has ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflict.
29.(a) Money or material things that one can buy with it are one factor on which our life
depends. But the quality of life also depends upon non-material things like equal
treatment, security, freedom, security.
(b) Money cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace.
(c) There are many facilities like schools, colleges, parks, hospitals which people cannot
afford.
(d) Money cannot buy love affection respect for us and for others.
(e) Money possessed by an individual even cannot provide us a type of government which
takes decisions for the welfare of common people.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT –I
Class – X Social Science
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 90
1. Who was V S Naipaul?
Or
Which two Indian ports had links with South East Asian countries during pre-colonial
period?
Or
What is Metropolis?
2. What was agenda 21?
3. Name the oldest water-harvesting system channeling the flood water of river Ganga.
4. Which factors are playing an important role in development of plantation?
5. The Governments of which states raised the Krishna Godavari dispute?
6. What is Infant mortality rate?
7. Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate?
8. What is the new name of NREGA?
9. When and why did world Bank and IMF start financial interventions in the developing
countries?
Or
What were trade guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business
in towns of England?
Or
Explain the problems faced by people who migrated to Bombay during nineteenth
century.
10.Explain how Bretton Wood’s institution inaugurated an era unprecedented growth for
western industrial nations and Japan.
Or
How did the proto-industrialization successful in the countryside in England in the 17th
century?
Or
How did the rise of industrial capitalism help in shaping the modern cities in decisive way?
11.Explain the features of Indian Manuscripts before the age of age of print.
Or
What were the reasons for the popularity of novels in India and the outside world?
12.Explain the drawbacks of Indian manuscripts?
Or
Highlight the miseries of industrial age of nineteenth century Europe.
13.Explain any three human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in
India.
14.Highlight the facts given by The Citizens’ Fifth Report, CSE, 1999.
15.How is the Federal government better than a Unitary Government? Explain with the
example of Belgium and Sri Lanka.
16.Discuss why the special status has been given to a few states in India? Explain with the
example of Jammu and Kashmir.
17.Briefly explain the ways in which power sharing between different organs of the
government results in the maintenance of balance of power.
18.How are countries classified by World Development Report?
19.Why is working in an unorganized sector not considered secure?
20.Explain the role of implementing the NERGA 2005.
21. Is the association of political parties with social groups always bad? Give three arguments
in support of your answer.
22.What was Rinderpest? State any four effects of the coming of Rinderpest in Africa.
Or
Describe any five major problems faced by new European merchants in setting up their
industries in towns before the industrial revolution.
Or
What form of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure
activities for the people?
23.Explain the different stages of development of printing technology in China.
Or
How were the effects of ‘Industrial Revolution’ reflected in the novels?
24.What were the views of foresters and environmentalists regarding the degrading factors
behind the depletion of forest resources?
25.Explain the favorable temperature, rainfall and soil conditions required for the growth of
tea. Name the leading tea producing states.
26.Overlapping social differences and cross cutting of differences create social divisions?
Explain.
27.Assess the influences of politics on caste system.
28.Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.” Support this statement
with suitable arguments.
29. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one
30.A. Features A is marked in the given political map of India. Identify this feature with the help of the
following information and write their correct name on the line marked on the map.
1. Type of forest
B. on the same map of India locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols:
1. A state having Protected forest
2. A state having largest area under protected forest
1. He was a writer, whose forefather migrated as indentured worker.
Or
Hoogly and Masulipattam Ports.
Or
A large densely populated city of a country or a state often the capital of the region.
2. It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the united Nation’s conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED).
3. Sringaverapura near Allahabad.
4. A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation
areas, processing industries and markets play an important role in the development of
plantations.
5. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
6. It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of
1000 live children born in that particular year.
7. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provisions of basic health
and educational facilities.
8. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
9. (a) The International Monetary fund and the World Bank were created to meet the
financial needs of the industrial countries.
(b) When Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economy, these become less dependent
on the IMF and the World Bank. Thus from the late 1950s the Breton Woods
institutions, World Bank and IMF, began to turn their attention towards developing
countries.
(c) The newly independent countries facing problem of poverty came under the guidance
of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.
Or
(a) Guilds were associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control
over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new
people into the trade.
(b) Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific
product.
(c) It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns, so they
turned to the countryside.
Or
(a) Bombay become over crowded city because of rapid unplanned expansion.
(b) There was an acute crisis of housing.
(c) Due to overpopulation shortage of water also arose. People often quarreled every
morning for a turn at the tap.
10.(a) The IMF gave money to developed countries to help them reconstruct and reshape
their economy.
(b) They aimed at global stability of economies and better employment opportunist.
(c) To make this possible, they gave credit loans. They also maintained a balance a world
trade.
(d) Japan and other western countries were helped by these institutions in post war
reconstruction and to help them have stable economies.
Or
(a) The peasants had been shut-out of village commons due to enclosure system.
(b) Peasants now have to look for alternative source of income. When merchants offered
advance to produce goods for them, peasant households readily agreed to do work for
them.
(c) They could cultivate their small plots and supplement their shrinking income from
cultivation
Or
(a) Industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period.
(b) Most of the western countries were largely rural even for many decades after the
beginning of the industrial revolution.
(c) Due to industrialization cities become centers of political power, administrative
network, trade and industry, religious and education institutions, and supported
various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
11.(a) India had a very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic,
Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
(b) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on hand made paper.
(c) Pages were some time beautifully illustrated.
(d) They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.
Or
(a) Development of transportation, communication, colonialism and development in
printing facilities helped in spreading the popularity of novels.
(b) Novels generally use the vernacular language that is spoken and easily understood by
the common people.
(c) Novels deal with everyday life of common people- their anxieties, their fears, their
struggles and joys. That’s why they appeal to the common people.
12.(a) Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
(b) They had to be handled carefully.
(c) They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.
(d) So manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life.
Or
(a) In the nineteenth century Europe entered the industrial age factories came to, business
profits increased and the economy grew.
(b) But at the same time workers faced problems. Cities expanded in an unregulated way
and were filled with overworked and underpaid workers.
(c) The unemployed poor roamed the streets for jobs, and the homeless were forced to
seek shelter in workhouse.
13.(a) Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too
have contributed significantly in land degradation.
(b) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and
traces of over-burdening.
(c) Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
(d) Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
14.(a) India’s rivers, especially the smaller ones, have all turned into toxic streams.
(b) And even the big ones like the Ganga and Yamuna are far from being pure.
(c) The assault on India’s rivers-from population growth, agricultural modernization,
urbanization and industrialization-is enormous and growing day by day.
(d) This entire life stands threatened.
15.(a) If we study the main difference between the federal and the unitary governments, in
the present times the federal governments certainly score over the unitary governments,
especially when people of different religions, castes and cultures resides in one and same
country.
(b) In chapter Power Sharing we have seen how a unitary form of government has proved
a failure in Sri Lanka while a federal type of government has proved a great success in
Belgium.
(c) In Sri Lanka Unitary government fails to solve the dispute of different sections of the
society but in Belgium the federal government gives equal respect to the demands of
different sections of the society.
16.(a) A few states in India have been given a special status in the constitution due yp diverse
population and regions within the state itself.
(b) Special status to Jammu and Kashmir is due to the history of conflict over the state
with Pakistan.
(c) The state was given to the Indian Union under very special terms, which provided the
state with a unique position in the Indian Union.
(d) This state has its own constitution.
17.(a) Power is shared among different organs of government like the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
(b) Each organ is equally important in a democracy and they exercise different powers.
(c) Separation of powers ensures that all organs exercise their power within limits.
(d) Each organ checks the others. This results in the maintenance of balance of power
among various institutions.
18.(a) World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used
in classifying countries.
(b) Countries with per capita income of Rs 453000 per annum are called rich or developed
countries.
(c) Those with per capita income of Rs 37000 or less are called low income countries.
19.(a) Working in unorganized sector is not considered secured because unorganized sectors
are not registered by the government and remain outside the control of the government.
(b) These are small and scattered units.
(c) They don’t follow rules and regulations prescribed by the government.
(d) Jobs in these sectors are not regular, even salaries are very less.
20.NAREGA is National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
(a) 100 days work guarantee in year by the government.
(b) If government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment
allowance.
(c) Different type of work is given to the people in the rural areas.
21.(a) The association of political parties with social groups is not always bad.
(b) The association of political parties with weaker sections of the society is healthy for
democracy.
(c) Through political parties weaker sections get together to voice their opinion and get a
chance for their development.
(d) Some political parties grow out of social groups like, AIADMK, BSP and DMK.
22.(a) Rinderpest is a cattle plague that affected the cattle of Africa. It was carried by infected
cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian solders invading Eritrea in east Africa.
(b) In the late nineteenth century Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its vast
resources of land and minerals and hoping to establish plantations and mines.
(c) But they faced a problem of shortage of labour willing to work for wages.
(d) Africans had and livestock and were not ready and willing to work for wages.
(e) Rinderpest, the cattle plague was brought into the country by imported cattle and had
a devastating effect on the indigenous cattle wiping out 90% of Africa’s cattle.
(f) The loss of cattle forced the Africans to come into the labour market and work in
plantation and mines.
Or
(a) Due to expansion of world trade the merchants wanted to expand their production. But
trade and craft guilds were very powerful.
(b) They could create many problems for the merchants in their towns.
(c) Rulers had granted the monopoly rights to different guild to produce and trade in
specific products.
(d) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.
(e) Craft guilds were very powerful. They maintain control over production, regulated
completion and prices and restricted the entry of new people in to the trade.
Or
(a) For the wealthy Londoners, there as the annual London Season where the elite groups
could enjoy several culture events such as the opera, classical musical performances
and the theatre etc.
(b) Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in pubs
and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events.
(c) In the 19th century, the established of libraries, museums and art galleries provided
entertainment to the common people.
(d) To some other, music halls and later on cinema houses became a source of mass
entrainment.
(e) To some others, especially the industrial workers, spending holidays by the sea-shore
and enjoying both the sun and the bracing winds also proved a great source of
entrainment and leisure.
23.(a) From 594 A.D. the books were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of
woodblocks in china.
(b) The imperial court also got many textbooks printed for the civil services examination.
(c) By the 17th century urban culture developed in China. Merchants used print in their
everyday life as they collected trade information.
(d) Wives of rich men, scholars and officials also began to write their autobiographies.
(e) In the late 19th century, the mechanical printing press was established.
(f) Shanghai became a hub of the new print culture.
Or
(i) When Industrial Revolution began, factories came up, business profits increased but
workers faced problems.
(ii) Cities expanded in an unregulated way and were filled with overworked and
underpaid workers.
(iii) Deeply critical of these developments, novelists such as Charles Diskens wrote about
he terrible effects of industrialization on people’s lives and characters.
(iv) His novel Hard Times depicts a factious industrial town as a grim place full of
machinery, smoking chimneys and rivers polluted.
(v) Dickens criticized not just the greed for profits but also the ideas that reduced human
beings into simple instruments of production.
24.(a) Manu foresters and environmentalists hold the view that the greatest degrading
factors behind the depletion of forests resources are grazing and fuel wood collection.
(b) Though there may be some substance in their argument, yet, the fact remain that a
substantial part of the fodder demand is met by lopping rather than by felling entire
trees.
(c) The forest ecosystems are repositories of some of the country’s most valuable forest
products, minerals and other resources that meet the demands of the rapidly
expanding industrial-urban economy.
(d) These protected areas, thus mean different things to different people, and therein lays
the fertile ground for conflicts.
25.(a) Introduction: Tea is the main beverage crop. India is the leading producer and exporter
of tea in the world.
(b) Climate: Tea plants grow well in tropical and subtropical climate. Tea thrives well in a
hot and humid climate.
(c) Soil Type: The soil requirement is deep fertile well drained soil which is rich in humus
and organic matter.
(d) Temperature: Ideal temperature for the growth is 200 to 300 C.
(e) Rainfall: 150 to 300 cm annual rainfall is required. High humidity and frequent
showers evenly distributed throughout the year are good for rapid development of
tender leaves.
(f) Areas of Cultivation: Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, west Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala are the major tea producing sates of India.
26.The social diversity can take different forms in different societies.
(a) Social division takes place when some social difference overlapped with other
differences.
(b) Situation of this point produce social division, when one kind of social difference
becomes more important when the other and people start feeling that they belong to
different community.
(c) The difference between the blacks and whites becomes a social division in the US
because the blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against.
(d) If social differences crosscut one anther it is difficult to pit one group of people against
the other.
(e) It means the groups who share a common interest on one issue are likely to be
indifferent sides on a different issue.
(f) Overlapping social differences create possibility of deep social division and tension
while cross cutting differences are easier to accommodate.
27.(a) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within its sub castes.
(b) Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or
communities.
(c) New kinds of caste groups have entered politics like backward and forward castes.
(d) Politics in caste has allowed many disadvantaged caste groups to demand their share
of power.
(e) Caste politics has helped the Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.
28.(a) Democracy develops a harmonious social life. Democracies accommodate various
social divisions.
(b) Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces
the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
(c) In democracies people learn to respect the differences and also evolve mechanism to
negotiate the differences.
(d) The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government functions to
represent the general view.
(e) Democracy has ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflict.
29.(a) Money or material things that one can buy with it are one factor on which our life
depends. But the quality of life also depends upon non-material things like equal
treatment, security, freedom, security.
(b) Money cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace.
(c) There are many facilities like schools, colleges, parks, hospitals which people cannot
afford.
(d) Money cannot buy love affection respect for us and for others.
(e) Money possessed by an individual even cannot provide us a type of government which
takes decisions for the welfare of common people.
Rules and Regulation of Shiksha Veritas High School pune reflect the school community’s expectations in terms of acceptable standards of behaviour, dress and personal presentation in the widest sense Shiksha veritas is the Best.
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